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Poly Aluminum Chloride is an inorganic substance, classified as a new water purification material, and an inorganic polymer coagulant which is one the most important product in water treatment. It can be clear to slightly yellow in appearance. And is often referred to as PAC, PaX or Poly-Aluminum Hydroxide Chloride Sulphate Solution due to its acidic solution (made of the element’s aluminum, chlorine, hydrogen and oxygen)

Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) have variety of uses in water treatment, oil and gas refineries and commercial products, how and why?

Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) is commonly used in the water treatment industry as a coagulant as it obtains better coagulation, and rapidly forms flocs, to extract and clump together contaminants, colloidal and suspended matter making this a much more efficient product.  As it possesses lower doses of aluminum therefore leaving significantly fewer aluminum residuals and sludge waste product than Aluminum Sulphate.

Aside from Water treatment, PAC; is also mostly used in oil and gas industries for oil refining where the product works as an oil-water emulsion destabilizer offering excellent separation performance helping in the removal of oil and suspended solids from produced water, enhancing the efficiency of oilfield operations and environmental protection.

While on a more commercialized approached, PAC is also being used in the paper and pulp industries It is used as a coagulant in papermill wastewater, aside from that it is also widely use in the production of deodorants and anti-perspirant products as the active ingredients that essentially creates a barrier on the skin and helps to reduce levels of sweat

Comparing to Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant, the difference is too small, though it is concluded that PAC has better performance and efficient compared to Aluminum sulfate due to its better coagulation performance as it produces lesser residual compared to Aluminum Sulfate and required a lesser amount of dosage making it a much more cost-effective product.

• Below are the things to consider and protective gears that we must use when handling and to avoid direct contact to cal hypo 
• Face: Full Face Shiled Eyes: Wear chemical splash goggles.  Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure. Mouth: Use suitable respirators to avoid inhilation of cal hypo
• Controls and Practices: After handling Cal Hypo to your workplace: 
• Use of clothing while handling cal hyp can be considered as contaminated. This should be change into clean clothing promtly. Eye wash fountains or faucet should be provided and use in case of emergency from the work area. If there is a possibility of skin exposure, go to the nearest shower/wash room from your workplace to wash and eliminate chemical. Do not take contaminated work clothes to your home because family members cold be exposed. Do not eat, smoke or drink where cal hypo is handled, processed or stored since chemical can be swallowed. Wash your hand carefully before eating, drinking, smoking or using toilet
• When handling in Storages: 
• Prior to working with Cal Hypo, you shold be trained on how to properly handle this type of chemical. Cal Hypo may ignite or explode in contact with Combustibles (these are wood, paper and oil) Cal Hypo must be stored to enclose room to avoid contact with other string acids like Hydrochloric, Sulfuric, Nitric Acid etc. to avoid viloent chemical reactions. In contact with water or moisture, Cal Hyp will possibly produce Chlorine Gas. Cal Hypo must be store to a tightly closed containers, in a cool and well-ventilated area. Avoid long period of storage, particularly at summer temperatures.

This product is a stable chlorine dioxide medicinal powder that can extinguish bacteria, fungi, viruses, spores, and deodorize. It has many merits non-toxic, no residual, convenient storage, usage.

Function chlorine dioxide is a high-efficiency spectral bactericide, its bactericidal ability is stronger than chlorine, the bactericidal effect is faster than chlorine, and the remaining dose of medicinal properties lasts long, especially when using alkaline water. It’s used for the disinfection and sterilization for environment, air, utensil, pipeline or CIP pipe, all kinds of container & tools,work clothes and boots pond. It’s also used to make the aseptic water, craft water，and disinfect the surface water. Chlorine dioxide soil disinfectant, used in agricultural sterilization and disinfection, treatment of microorganisms, can be used as a pesticide

SWIMMING POOL WATER DISINFECTION -  For a new pool or spring start-up, super chlorinate with 52 to 104 oz. of product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine by weight. Check the level of available chlorine with a test kit. Adjust and maintain pool water pH to between 7.2 and 7.6. Adjust and maintain the alkalinity of the pool to between 50 to 100 ppm. Re-entry into treated pools is prohibited above levels of 4 ppm due to risk of bodily harm. To maintain the pool, add manually or by a feeder device, 1 1 oz. of this product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield an available chlorine residual between 0.6 to 1.0 ppm by weight. Stabilized pools should maintain a residual of 1.0 to 1.5 ppm available chlorine. Test the pH, available chlorine residual and alkalinity of the water frequently with appropriate test kits. Frequency of water treatment will depend upon temperature and number of swimmers. Every 7 days, or as necessary, super chlorinate the pool with 52 to 104 oz. of product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine by weight. Check the level of available chlorine with a test kit. Reentry into treated pools is prohibited above levels of 4 ppm due to risk of bodily harm. At the end of the swimming pool season or when water is to be drained from the pool, chlorine must be allowed to \J dissipate from treated pool water before discharge. Do not chlorinate the pool within 24 hours prior to discharge. WINTERIZING POOLS - While water is still clear and clean, apply 3 oz. of product per 1,000 gallons, while filter . is running, to obtain 3 ppm available chlorine residual, as determined by a suitable test kit. Cover pool; prepare heater, filter, and heater components for winter by following manufacturers' instructions.

PUBLIC SYSTEMS - Mix a ratio of 1. oz. of this product to 100 gallons of water. Begin feeding this solution with a hypochlorinator until a free available chlorine residual of at least 0.2 ppm and no more than 0.6 ppm is attained throughout the distribution system. Check water frequently with a chlorine test kit. Bacteriological sampling must be conducted at a frequency no less than that prescribed by the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Contact your Community water system for further details.

SLUG FEED METHOD - Initial Dose: When system is noticeably fouled apply 52 to 104 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of water in the system to obtain from 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine. Repeat until control is achieved. .-- Subsequent Doses: When microbial control is evident, add 11 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of water in the system daily, or as needed to maintain control and keep the chlorine residual at 1 ppm. Badly fouled systems must be cleaned before treatment is begun. INTERMITTENT FEED METHOD - Initial Dose: When system is noticeably fouled, apply 52 to 104 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of water in the system to obtain 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine. Apply half (or 1/3,14, or 1/5) of this initial dose when half (or 1/3, '/4, or 1/5) of the water in the system has been lost by blowdown. •'" Subsequent Doses: When microbial control is evident, add 11 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of water in the system to obtain a 1 ppm residual. Apply half (or 1/3, 14, or 1/5) of this initial dose when half (or 1/3, !4, or 1/5) of the water in the system has been lost by blowdown. Badly fouled systems must be cleaned before treatment is begun. CONTINUOUS FEED METHOD - Initial Dose: When system is noticeably fouled, apply 52 to 104 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of water in the system to obtain 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine. Subsequent Doses: Maintain this treatment level by starting a continuous feed of 2.5 oz. of this product per 1,000 gallons of water lost by blowdown to maintain a 1 ppm residual. Badly fouled systems must be cleaned before treatment is begun. BRIQUETTES OR TABLETS - Initially slug dose the system with 52 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of '' water in the system. Badly fouled systems must be cleaned before treatment is begun. Subsequent Doses: When microbial control is evident, add 11 oz. of this product per 10,000 gallons of w,atercin the system daily, or as needed to maintain control and keep the chlorine residual at 1 ppm. Badly fouled sjlsjqtpg 'must be cleaned before treatment is begun.

RINSE METHOD - A solution of 1 00 ppm available chlorine may be used in the sanitizing solution if a chlorine test kit is available. Solutions containing an initial concentration of 100 ppm available chlorine must be tested and adjusted periodically to insure that the available chlorine does not drop below 50 ppm. Prepare a 100 ppm sanitizing solution by thoroughly mixing 1 oz. of this product with 10 gallons of water. If no test kit is available, prepare a sanitizing solution by thoroughly mixing 2 oz. of this product with 10 gallons of water to provide approximately 200 ppm available chlorine by weight. Clean equipment surfaces in the normal manner. Prior to use, rinse all surfaces thoroughly with the sanitizing solution, maintaining contact with the sanitizer for at least 2 minutes. If solution contains less than 50 ppm available chlorine, as determined by a suitable test kit, either discard the solution or add sufficient product to re-establish a 200 ppm residual. Do not rinse equipment with water after treatment and do no soak equipment overnight. Sanitizers used in automated systems may be used for general cleaning but may not be e-used for sanitizing purposes

CLEAN-IN-PLACE METHOD - Thoroughly clean equipment after use. Prepare a volume of a 200 ppm available chlorine sanitizing solution equal to 1 10 % of volume capacity of the equipment by mixing the product in a ratio of 2 oz. product with 10 gallons of water. Pump solution through the system until full flow is obtained at all extremities, the system is completely filled with the sanitizer and all air is removed from the system. Close drain valves and hold under pressure for at least 10 minutes to insure contact with all internal surfaces. Remove some cleaning solution from drain valve and test with a chlorine test kit. Repeat entire cleaning/ sanitizing process if effluent contains less than 50 ppm available chlorine. IMMERSION METHOD - A solution of 1 00 ppm available chlorine may be used in the sanitizing solution if a chlorine test kit is available. Solutions containing an initial concentration of 100 ppm available chlorine must be tested and adjusted periodically to insure that the available chlorine does not drop below 50 ppm. Prepare a 100 ppm sanitizing solution by thoroughly mixing loz. of this product with 10 gallons of water. If no test kit is available, prepare a sanitizing solution by thoroughly mixing 2 oz. of this product with 10 gallons of water to provide approximately 200 ppm available chlorine by weight. Clean equipment in the normal manner. Prior to usf,,. immerse equipment in the sanitizing solution for at least 2. minutes and allow the sanitizer to drain. If solution c'etitairis less than 50 ppm available chlorine, as determined by a suitable test kit. either discard the solution or add ^sufficient product to reestablish a 200 ppm residual. Do not rinse equipment with water after treatment. Sanitizers1 " used in automated systems may be used for general cleaning but may not be reused for sanitizing purposes.

FLOW/PRESSURE METHOD - Disassemble equipment and thoroughly clean after use. Assemble equipment in ' / operating position prior to use. Prepare a volume of a 200 ppm available chlorine sanitizing solution equal to 110 % of volume capacity of the equipment by mixing the product in a ratio of 2 oz. product with 10 gallons of water. Pump solution through the system until full flow is. obtained, at all extremities, the system is completely filled with the sanitizer and all air is removed from the system. Close drain'valves and hold under pressure for at least 2 n minutes to insure contact with all internal surfaces. Remove some cleaning solution from drain valve and test with a 'f chlorine test kit. Repeat entire cleaning/sanitizing process if effluent contains less than 50 ppm available chlorine. /SPRAY/FOG METHOD - Pre-clean all surfaces after use. Use a 200 ppm available chlorine solution to control I/ bacteria, mold or fungi and a 600 ppm solution to control bacteriophage. Prepare a 200 ppm sanitizing solution of sufficient size by thoroughly mixing the product in a ratio of 2 oz. product with 10 gallons of water. Prepare a 600 ppm solution by thoroughly mixing the product in a ratio of 6 oz. product with' 10 gallons of water. Use spray or fogging equipment, which can resist hypochlorite solutions. Always empty and rinse spray/fog equipment with y. potable water after use. Thoroughly spray or fog all surfaces until wet, allowing excess sanitizer to drain. Vacate area for at least 2 hours. Prior to using equipment, rinse all surfaces treated with a 600 ppm solution with a 200 ppm solution.

The disinfection of sewage effluent must be evaluated by determining that the total number of coliform bacteria and/or fecal coliform bacteria, as determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) procedure, of the chlorinated effluent has been reduced to or below the maximum permitted by the controlling regulatory jurisdiction. On the average, satisfactory disinfection of secondary wastewater effluent can be obtained when the chlorine residual is 0.5 ppm after 15 minutes contact. Although the chlorine residual is the critical factor in disinfection, the importance of correlating chlorine residual with bacterial kill must be emphasized. The MPN of the effluent, which 1  . is directly related to the water quality standards requirement, should be the final and primary standard, and the chlorine residual should be considered an operating standard valid only to the extent verified by the coliform quality of the effluent. The following are critical factors affecting wastewater disinfection. 1. Mixing: It is imperative that the product and the wastewater be instantaneously and completely flash mixed to assure reaction with every chemically active, soluble and particulate component of the wastewater. 2. Contacting: Upon flash mixing, the flow through the system must be maintained. 3. Dosage/Residual Control: Successful disinfection is extremely dependent on response to fluctuating chlorine '""" demand to maintain a predetermined, desirable chlorine level. Secondary effluent should contain 0.2 to 1.0 ppm chlorine residual after a 15 to 30 minute contact time. A reasonable average of residual chlorine is 0.5 ppm after 15 minutes contact time. EFFLUENT SLIME CONTROL - Apply a 100 to 1000 ppm available chlorine solution at a location, which will allow complete mixing. Prepare this solution by mixing 10 to 100 oz. of this product with 100 gallons of water. ly  ., Once control is evident apply a 1 5 ppm available chlorine solution. Prepare this solution by mixing 3 oz. of this product with 100 gallons of water.

Remove all animals, poultry  FAR , and feed from premises M , vehicles  PREMISE , and enclosures S _ . Remove all litter and manure from floors, walls and surfaces of barns, pens, stalls, chutes and other facilities occupied or traversed by animals or poultry. Empty all troughs, racks and other feeding and watering appliances. Thoroughly clean all surfaces with soap or detergent and rinse with water. To disinfect, saturate all surfaces with a solution of at least 1 000 ppm available chlorine for a period of 10 minutes. A 1000 ppm solution can be made by thoroughly mixing 1 1 oz. of this product with 10 gallons of water. Immerse all halters, ropes and other types of equipment used in handling and restraining animals or poultry, as well as the cleaned forks, shovels and scrapers used for removing litter and manure. Ventilate buildings, cars, boats and other closed spaces. Do not house livestock or poultry or employ equipment until chlorine odor has been dissipated. All treated feed racks, mangers, troughs, automatic feeders, fountains and waterers must be rinsed with potable water before reuse.